The State of Quantum Optimization: Capabilities, Constraints, and the Road to Fault Tolerance

HPC & Quantum Computing

I. Introduction Quantum optimization currently operates in two fundamentally distinct regimes. The near-term regime focuses on hybrid classical-quantum workflows, in which NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) processors act as heuristic co-processors. The long-term regime aims to execute fully fault-tolerant algorithms that deliver provable, asymptotic speedups on large-scale problems. The gap between these two regimes shapes current…

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Maximizing Compute Throughput, Memory Efficiency, and Parallelism in HPC Systems

HPC & Quantum Computing

Abstract High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are engineered to solve large-scale, compute-intensive problems across diverse scientific and engineering fields – e.g., astrophysics, climate modeling, large-scale AI, molecular dynamics, nuclear simulations, particle physics, and quantum chemistry. Yet, real-world performance often lags significantly behind the theoretical capabilities that HPC systems promise. This gap primarily arises from systemic bottlenecks…

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Quantum Error Correction: Stabilizing Unstable Qubit Systems

HPC & Quantum Computing

Introduction Quantum computers are powerful but inherently unstable. While they promise revolutionary breakthroughs in computational sciences, cryptography, optimization, machine learning, and other areas, they face a significant hurdle today in the form of Qubit Errors. Unlike classical bits, qubits are fragile and prone to decoherence, noise, and operational errors, which makes reliable computation difficult. Qubits…

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Shor’s Algorithm: How Quantum Computers Could Break RSA Encryption

HPC & Quantum Computing

Abstract Shor’s algorithm, developed by Peter Shor (1994), is a quantum algorithm that efficiently solves the integer factorization problem and the discrete logarithm problem. These tasks are computationally infeasible for classical computers when it comes to large numbers. Since the security of widely used public-key cryptosystems (e.g., RSA) relies on the hardness of these problems,…

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The Role of Graph Compilers in Modern HPC Systems

HPC & Quantum Computing

Graph compilers are emerging as a core infrastructure in modern High-Performance Computing (HPC), particularly in accelerator-driven systems, deep learning, and scientific computing. This paper explores the rising importance of graph compilers, how they work, and what’s next in this fast-evolving space. Why Graph Compilers Matter in HPC Systems? High-Performance Computing (HPC) workloads increasingly involve complex…

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A Technical Deep Dive Into CPU & GPU Internals

HPC & Quantum Computing

Many modern systems (e.g., autonomous systems, cloud infrastructure, gaming devices, machine learning applications, and scientific computing systems) demand unprecedented levels of computing power, speed and efficiency. Unlike traditional software, which often relies on sequential processing, these systems are driven by the need for massively parallel processing. As systems become increasingly complex, addressing their specific computing…

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